rewrite

Source

rewrite performs internal message rewriting.

Description

Rewrites are invisible to the client. There are simple rewrites (fast) and complex rewrites (slower), but they’re powerful enough to accommodate most dynamic back-end applications.

Syntax

A simplified/easy-to-digest syntax for rewrite is…

rewrite [continue|stop] FIELD [TYPE] [(FROM TO)|TTL] [OPTIONS]

  • FIELD indicates what part of the request/response is being re-written.

    • type - the type field of the request will be rewritten. FROM/TO must be a DNS record type (A, MX, etc.); e.g., to rewrite ANY queries to HINFO, use rewrite type ANY HINFO.
    • name - the query name in the request is rewritten; by default this is a full match of the name, e.g., rewrite name example.net example.org. Other match types are supported, see the Name Field Rewrites section below.
    • class - the class of the message will be rewritten. FROM/TO must be a DNS class type (IN, CH, or HS); e.g., to rewrite CH queries to IN use rewrite class CH IN.
    • edns0 - an EDNS0 option can be appended to the request as described below in the EDNS0 Options section.
    • ttl - the TTL value in the response is rewritten.
    • cname - the CNAME target if the response has a CNAME record

  • TYPE this optional element can be specified for a name or ttl field. If not given type exact will be assumed. If options should be specified the type must be given.

  • FROM is the name (exact, suffix, prefix, substring, or regex) or type to match

  • TO is the destination name or type to rewrite to

  • TTL is the number of seconds to set the TTL value to (only for field ttl)

  • OPTIONS

    for field name further options are possible controlling the response rewrites. All name matching types support the following options

    • answer auto - the names in the response is rewritten in a best effort manner.
    • answer name FROM TO - the query name in the response is rewritten matching the from regex pattern.
    • answer value FROM TO - the names in the response is rewritten matching the from regex pattern.

    See below in the Response Rewrites section for further details.

If you specify multiple rules and an incoming query matches multiple rules, the rewrite will behave as follows:

  • continue will continue applying the next rule in the rule list.
  • stop will consider the current rule the last rule and will not continue. The default behaviour is stop

Examples

Name Field Rewrites

The rewrite plugin offers the ability to match the name in the question section of a DNS request. The match could be exact, a substring match, or based on a prefix, suffix, or regular expression. If the newly used name is not a legal domain name, the plugin returns an error to the client.

The syntax for name rewriting is as follows:

rewrite [continue|stop] name [exact|prefix|suffix|substring|regex] STRING STRING [OPTIONS]

The match type, e.g., exact, substring, etc., triggers rewrite:

  • exact (default): on an exact match of the name in the question section of a request
  • substring: on a partial match of the name in the question section of a request
  • prefix: when the name begins with the matching string
  • suffix: when the name ends with the matching string
  • regex: when the name in the question section of a request matches a regular expression

If the match type is omitted, the exact match type is assumed. If OPTIONS are given, the type must be specified.

The following instruction allows rewriting names in the query that contain the substring service.us-west-1.example.org:

rewrite name substring service.us-west-1.example.org service.us-west-1.consul

Thus:

  • Incoming Request Name: ftp.service.us-west-1.example.org
  • Rewritten Request Name: ftp.service.us-west-1.consul

The following instruction uses regular expressions. Names in requests matching the regular expression (.*)-(us-west-1)\.example\.org are replaced with {1}.service.{2}.consul, where {1} and {2} are regular expression match groups.

rewrite name regex (.*)-(us-west-1)\.example\.org {1}.service.{2}.consul

Thus:

  • Incoming Request Name: ftp-us-west-1.example.org
  • Rewritten Request Name: ftp.service.us-west-1.consul

The following example rewrites the schmoogle.com suffix to google.com.

rewrite name suffix .schmoogle.com. .google.com.

Response Rewrites

When rewriting incoming DNS requests' names (field name), CoreDNS re-writes the QUESTION SECTION section of the requests. It may be necessary to rewrite the ANSWER SECTION of the requests, because some DNS resolvers treat mismatches between the QUESTION SECTION and ANSWER SECTION as a man-in-the-middle attack (MITM).

For example, a user tries to resolve ftp-us-west-1.coredns.rocks. The CoreDNS configuration file has the following rule:

rewrite name regex (.*)-(us-west-1)\.coredns\.rocks {1}.service.{2}.consul

CoreDNS rewrote the request from ftp-us-west-1.coredns.rocks to ftp.service.us-west-1.consul and ultimately resolved it to 3 records. The resolved records, in the ANSWER SECTION below, were not from coredns.rocks, but rather from service.us-west-1.consul.

$ dig @10.1.1.1 ftp-us-west-1.coredns.rocks

;; QUESTION SECTION:
;ftp-us-west-1.coredns.rocks. IN A

;; ANSWER SECTION:
ftp.service.us-west-1.consul. 0    IN A    10.10.10.10
ftp.service.us-west-1.consul. 0    IN A    10.20.20.20
ftp.service.us-west-1.consul. 0    IN A    10.30.30.30

The above is a mismatch between the question asked and the answer provided.

There are three possibilities to specify an answer rewrite:

  • A rewrite can request a best effort answer rewrite by adding the option answer auto.
  • A rewrite may specify a dedicated regex based response name rewrite with the answer name FROM TO option.
  • A regex based rewrite of record values like CNAME, SRV, etc, can be requested by an answer value FROM TO option.

Hereby FROM/TO follow the rules for the regex name rewrite syntax.

Auto Response Name Rewrite

The following configuration snippet allows for rewriting of the ANSWER SECTION according to the rewrite of the QUESTION SECTION:

    rewrite stop {
        name suffix .coredns.rocks .service.consul answer auto
    }

Any occurrence of the rewritten question in the answer is mapped back to the original value before the rewrite.

Please note that answers for rewrites of type exact are always rewritten. For a suffix name rule auto leads to a reverse suffix response rewrite, exchanging FROM and TO from the rewrite request.

Explicit Response Name Rewrite

The following configuration snippet allows for rewriting of the ANSWER SECTION, provided that the QUESTION SECTION was rewritten:

    rewrite stop {
        name regex (.*)-(us-west-1)\.coredns\.rocks {1}.service.{2}.consul
        answer name (.*)\.service\.(us-west-1)\.consul {1}-{2}.coredns.rocks
    }

Now, the ANSWER SECTION matches the QUESTION SECTION:

$ dig @10.1.1.1 ftp-us-west-1.coredns.rocks

;; QUESTION SECTION:
;ftp-us-west-1.coredns.rocks. IN A

;; ANSWER SECTION:
ftp-us-west-1.coredns.rocks. 0    IN A    10.10.10.10
ftp-us-west-1.coredns.rocks. 0    IN A    10.20.20.20
ftp-us-west-1.coredns.rocks. 0    IN A    10.30.30.30

Rewriting other Response Values

It is also possible to rewrite other values returned in the DNS response records (e.g. the server names returned in SRV and MX records). This can be enabled by adding the answer value FROM TO option to a name rule as specified below. answer value takes a regular expression and a rewrite name as parameters and works in the same way as the answer name rule.

Note that names in the AUTHORITY SECTION and ADDITIONAL SECTION will also be rewritten following the specified rules. The names returned by the following record types: CNAME, DNAME, SOA, SRV, MX, NAPTR, NS, PTR will be rewritten if the answer value rule is specified.

The syntax for the rewrite of DNS request and response is as follows:

rewrite [continue|stop] {
    name regex STRING STRING
    answer name STRING STRING
    [answer value STRING STRING]
}

Note that the above syntax is strict. For response rewrites, only name rules are allowed to match the question section. The answer rewrite must be after the name, as in the syntax example.

Example: PTR Response Value Rewrite

The original response contains the domain service.consul. in the VALUE part of the ANSWER SECTION

$ dig @10.1.1.1 30.30.30.10.in-addr.arpa PTR

;; QUESTION SECTION:
;30.30.30.10.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR

;; ANSWER SECTION:
30.30.30.10.in-addr.arpa. 60    IN PTR    ftp-us-west-1.service.consul.

The following configuration snippet allows for rewriting of the value in the ANSWER SECTION:

    rewrite stop {
        name suffix .arpa .arpa
        answer name auto
        answer value (.*)\.service\.consul\. {1}.coredns.rocks.
    }

Now, the VALUE in the ANSWER SECTION has been overwritten in the domain part:

$ dig @10.1.1.1 30.30.30.10.in-addr.arpa PTR

;; QUESTION SECTION:
;30.30.30.10.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR

;; ANSWER SECTION:
30.30.30.10.in-addr.arpa. 60    IN PTR    ftp-us-west-1.coredns.rocks.

Multiple Response Rewrites

name and value rewrites can be chained by appending multiple answer rewrite options. For all occurrences but the first one the keyword answer might be omitted.

answer (auto | (name|value FROM TO)) { [answer] (auto | (name|value FROM TO)) }

For example:

rewrite [continue|stop] name regex FROM TO answer name FROM TO [answer] value FROM TO

When using exact name rewrite rules, the answer gets rewritten automatically, and there is no need to define answer name auto. But it is still possible to define additional answer value and answer value options.

The rule below rewrites the name in a request from RED to BLUE, and subsequently rewrites the name in a corresponding response from BLUE to RED. The client in the request would see only RED and no BLUE.

rewrite [continue|stop] name exact RED BLUE

TTL Field Rewrites

At times, the need to rewrite a TTL value could arise. For example, a DNS server may not cache records with a TTL of zero (0). An administrator may want to increase the TTL to ensure it is cached, e.g., by increasing it to 15 seconds.

In the below example, the TTL in the answers for coredns.rocks domain are being set to 15:

    rewrite continue {
        ttl regex (.*)\.coredns\.rocks 15
    }

By the same token, an administrator may use this feature to prevent or limit caching by setting the TTL value really low.

The syntax for the TTL rewrite rule is as follows. The meaning of exact|prefix|suffix|substring|regex is the same as with the name rewrite rules. An omitted type is defaulted to exact.

rewrite [continue|stop] ttl [exact|prefix|suffix|substring|regex] STRING [SECONDS|MIN-MAX]

It is possible to supply a range of TTL values in the SECONDS parameters instead of a single value. If a range is supplied, the TTL value is set to MIN if it is below, or set to MAX if it is above. The TTL value is left unchanged if it is already inside the provided range. The ranges can be unbounded on either side.

TTL examples with ranges:

# rewrite TTL to be between 30s and 300s
rewrite ttl example.com. 30-300

# cap TTL at 30s
rewrite ttl example.com. -30 # equivalent to rewrite ttl example.com. 0-30

# increase TTL to a minimum of 30s
rewrite ttl example.com. 30-

# set TTL to 30s
rewrite ttl example.com. 30 # equivalent to rewrite ttl example.com. 30-30

EDNS0 Options

Using the FIELD edns0, you can set, append, or replace specific EDNS0 options in the request.

  • replace will modify any “matching” option with the specified option. The criteria for “matching” varies based on EDNS0 type.
  • append will add the option only if no matching option exists
  • set will modify a matching option or add one if none is found

Currently supported are EDNS0_LOCAL, EDNS0_NSID and EDNS0_SUBNET.

EDNS0_LOCAL

This has two fields, code and data. A match is defined as having the same code. Data may be a string or a variable.

  • A string data is treated as hex if it starts with 0x. Example:
. {
    rewrite edns0 local set 0xffee 0x61626364
    whoami
}

rewrites the first local option with code 0xffee, setting the data to “abcd”. This is equivalent to:

. {
    rewrite edns0 local set 0xffee abcd
}

  • A variable data is specified with a pair of curly brackets {}. Following are the supported variables: {qname}, {qtype}, {client_ip}, {client_port}, {protocol}, {server_ip}, {server_port}.

  • If the metadata plugin is enabled, then labels are supported as variables if they are presented within curly brackets. The variable data will be replaced with the value associated with that label. If that label is not provided, the variable will be silently substituted with an empty string.

Examples:

rewrite edns0 local set 0xffee {client_ip}

The following example uses metadata and an imaginary “some-plugin” that would provide “some-label” as metadata information.

metadata
some-plugin
rewrite edns0 local set 0xffee {some-plugin/some-label}

EDNS0_NSID

This has no fields; it will add an NSID option with an empty string for the NSID. If the option already exists and the action is replace or set, then the NSID in the option will be set to the empty string.

EDNS0_SUBNET

This has two fields, IPv4 bitmask length and IPv6 bitmask length. The bitmask length is used to extract the client subnet from the source IP address in the query.

Example:

rewrite edns0 subnet set 24 56
  • If the query’s source IP address is an IPv4 address, the first 24 bits in the IP will be the network subnet.
  • If the query’s source IP address is an IPv6 address, the first 56 bits in the IP will be the network subnet.

CNAME Field Rewrites

There might be a scenario where you want the CNAME target of the response to be rewritten. You can do this by using the CNAME field rewrite. This will generate new answer records according to the new CNAME target.

The syntax for the CNAME rewrite rule is as follows. The meaning of exact|prefix|suffix|substring|regex is the same as with the name rewrite rules. An omitted type is defaulted to exact.

rewrite [continue|stop] cname [exact|prefix|suffix|substring|regex] FROM TO

Consider the following CNAME rewrite rule with regex type.

rewrite cname regex (.*).cdn.example.net. {1}.other.cdn.com.

If you were to send the following DNS request without the above rule, an example response would be:

$ dig @10.1.1.1 my-app.com

;; QUESTION SECTION:
;my-app.com. IN A

;; ANSWER SECTION:
my-app.com.                  200  IN  CNAME  my-app.com.cdn.example.net.
my-app.com.cdn.example.net.  300  IN  A      20.2.0.1
my-app.com.cdn.example.net.  300  IN  A      20.2.0.2

If you were to send the same DNS request with the above rule set up, an example response would be:

$ dig @10.1.1.1 my-app.com

;; QUESTION SECTION:
;my-app.com. IN A

;; ANSWER SECTION:
my-app.com.                  200  IN  CNAME  my-app.com.other.cdn.com.
my-app.com.other.cdn.com.    100  IN  A      30.3.1.2

Note that the answer will contain a completely different set of answer records after rewriting the CNAME target.

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